Kepastian Hukum terhadap Akta Jual Beli Hak Atas Tanah yang Dibatalkan oleh Pengadilan Karena Adanya Perbuatan Melawan Hukum oleh Penjual

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal consequences and legal certainty of land Sale and Purchase Deeds (AJB) annulled by courts due to unlawful acts committed by sellers. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, case, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The legal materials consist of legislation, legal literature, and three Supreme Court decisions, namely Decision No. 4221 K/Pdt/2022, Decision No. 2919 K/Pdt/2012, and Decision No. 1734 K/Pdt/2018. The analysis applies R. Soeroso’s theory of legal consequences and Jan Michiel Otto’s theory of legal certainty. The findings show that annulment of an AJB may eliminate the deed’s legal force as the basis for transferring land rights, invalidate the registration of title transfer, restore ownership to the rightful party, and create liability for damages arising from unlawful acts. However, the annulment of an AJB does not automatically indicate the absence of legal certainty. Legal certainty must be assessed through the seller’s authority, the objective legal status of the land, PPAT procedures, registration of rights, the buyer’s good faith, judicial review, and enforcement of the final judgment. A good-faith buyer may remain legally protected when the buyer neither knew nor reasonably should have known of defects affecting the transaction.