Studi Teologi Islam: Konsep, Sumber Kepercayaan dan Kontribusi Tokoh Teologi Islam

Abstract

Islamic theology is a discipline that studies the fundamental beliefs of Islam. Islamic theology, also known as *Ilm al-Kalam*, emerged as a response to various theological, social, political, and intellectual issues that developed after the death of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This study aims to explain the key concepts in Islamic theology, describe the development of theological studies throughout Islamic history, identify the sources of belief in Islam, analyze the major schools of Islamic theology and their approaches, and recognize prominent figures and their monumental works in the field of Islamic theology. This study employed a library research method by examining various relevant literature on Islamic theology. The findings reveal that Islamic theology has developed dynamically through various historical phases, from the era of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to the contemporary period. Islamic theological studies encompass fundamental concepts such as tawhid (monotheism), aqidah (creed), Ilm al-Kalam, and qada and qadar (divine decree and predestination). The primary sources of belief in Islam are the Qur'an and the Sunnah, supported by reason (aql) and scholarly consensus (ijma'). Differences in understanding these sources have given rise to various theological schools, such as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah, Mu'tazilah, and Shi'ah, each possessing its own characteristics and approaches. Furthermore, the development of Islamic theology cannot be separated from the contributions of prominent scholars such as Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari, al-Maturidi, al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyyah, and Muhammad Abduh. In conclusion, the study of Islamic theology plays an important role in strengthening faith, fostering tolerance, and providing a comprehensive understanding of various religious issues in the context of contemporary developments.